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[ipr-ict] Week 2 - Background Paper (Gwen Hinze) [ENGLISH]
[ENGLISH VERSION - VERSION FRANCAIS EN PREPARATION]
A RTF version of this document is attached for printing
AFRICA AND IPR E-DEBATE
INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ISSUES BACKGROUND PAPER
Gwen Hinze (EFF)
27 July 2005
International Copyright Framework and WIPO (OMPI)
For the last 120 years or so, international intellectual property has
been regulated by a series of international treaties, that countries
could choose to sign on to or not. For copyright, the most
significant of these are the Berne Convention for the Protection of
Literary and Artistic Works (1886), and the Rome Convention for the
Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting
Organizations (1961).
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the United
Nations’ agency that is responsible for drafting and administering
these international intellectual property treaties. WIPO has 182
Member States and administers 23 international treaties covering all
forms of IP – copyright, patent, trademark, and newer rights like
geographical indications and traditional knowledge. WIPO has a set of
Standing Committees (on copyright and related rights, patent, and
trademark and industrial property) and the Intergovernmental
Committee on Traditional Knowledge, where substantive work on
creating new treaties takes place. For instance, the WIPO Standing
Committee on Copyright and Related Rights is currently considering a
controversial proposed new treaty to protect broadcasts, cable
transmissions and webcasts for a period of 50 years. (See links below
for more information).
The WIPO Internet Treaties
Information communication technologies (ICTs) are regulated mostly by
two 1996 WIPO Treaties – the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO
Performances and Phonograms Treaties (WPPT). Many African countries
are parties to these treaties. These treaties require compliance with
the previous Berne and Rome Conventions, and give copyright owners
the additional right to control the making available of their works
to the public, for a period of 50 years:
Rightsholders sought these new treaties to deal with special
challenges posed by the Internet. While the new ICTs made more
copyrighted works and information available to more people, thus
offering unprecedented educational possibilities, they could also be
used to facilitate reproduction and copyright infringement on a
massive scale. U.S. motion picture rightsholders were particularly
concerned that Internet users could make perfect digital copies of
their works, and distribute them across the world almost
instantaneously. They began to investigate technological measures to
control access to, and use of, their works, and sought an
international law to ban circumvention of those technological measures.
This resulted in the Technological Protection Measure provisions in
Article 11 of the WCT, and Article 18 of the WPPT, which require
signatories to “provide adequate legal protection and effective legal
remedies against the circumvention of effective technological
measures” used by rightsholders to protect their copyright and
related rights, and prohibit acts not authorized by rightsholders or
permitted by law.
This obligation needs to be read against Article 10 of the WCT and
Article 16 of the WPPT, which permit signatories to create new
copyright exceptions and limitations that meet the so-called “Three
Step Test”, that was in the Berne Convention (for the reproduction
right), and in Article 13 of TRIPs (for all rights). The ability to
create new exceptions and limitations that meet this test is key to
the international IP framework. It is this that allows nation states
to preserve the traditional balance embodied in copyright law,
between the private rights of creators and authors, and the public’s
right to access copyrighted works.
The Agreed Statement on Article 10 of the WCT confirms that this was
the intention:
“It is understood that the provisions of Article 10 permit
Contracting Parties to carry forward and appropriately extend into
the digital environment limitations and exceptions in their national
laws which have been considered acceptable under the Berne
Convention. Similarly, these provisions should be understood to
permit Contracting Parties to devise new exceptions and limitations
that are appropriate in the digital network environment.”
Technological Protection Measures (TPMs)
Legal protection for rightsholders’ technological protection measures
has become controversial because it can override existing national
copyright law exceptions and limitations, and impair the ability to
create new exceptions to meet domestic needs.
In 1998 the U.S. Congress enacted the Digital Millennium Copyright
Act (DMCA) to implement the WIPO Copyright Treaty obligations. The
DMCA was controversial at the time it was enacted, and remains so
today because it goes beyond the WIPO treaty requirements. It bans
the act of circumventing a technological protection measure that
controls access to a copyrighted work, even if the use of the work
would not be copyright infringement, such as breaking the digital
lock on an electronic book that you have purchased. It also bans
tools and technologies (such as software) that could be used for
circumvention.
In the U.S., these provisions have effectively overridden all
existing exceptions in U.S. copyright law. For instance, U.S.
copyright law has an exception that allows non-profit organizations
to make Braille translations of books for the Blind. Since 1998, it
is no longer possible to do so for technologically-protected
electronic books. The U.S. provisions have proven to be overbroad,
and have had unintended consequences for a wide array of legitimate
non-copyright-infringing activities. For instance, they have
threatened scientific research and publication and have been used by
corporations to block business competitors and free and open source
software developers from creating products that can interoperate with
their copyrighted works.
The Impact of TRIPs
In 1994, WIPO ceased to be the exclusive international body
regulating intellectual property. Intellectual property protection
became part of the global trade framework under the agreement on
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs), which was
negotiated at the Uruguay round of trade negotiations that
established the World Trade Organization (WTO).
TRIPs requires WTO parties to adopt certain minimum intellectual
property standards. When TRIPS came into force in 1995, for the first
time, a country’s compliance with a particular standardized set of
intellectual property laws became a matter subject to regulation and
sanction by international trade authorities. TRIPS also includes some
important flexibilities that allow countries to implement
intellectual property laws in ways that meet their national
development priorities.
Creation of Intellectual Property norms through Free Trade Agreements
In recent years, new intellectual property norms have been created
through free trade agreements, and not through international treaties
negotiated multilaterally at WIPO. The U.S. (and also the EU) has
entered into bilateral and regional free trade agreements with its
trading partners that require adoption of higher intellectual
property standards than those in TRIPs, or which have eliminated some
of the flexibilities contained in TRIPs. In this way, the U.S. has
been able to obtain “TRIPs-plus” standards of intellectual property
protection for US rightsholders’ works. International trade
agreements have replaced both national laws and international
intellectual property treaties as the most important way of setting
norms in global intellectual property law.
Since 2002, the U.S. has entered into bilateral and regional free
trade agreements with detailed intellectual property provisions with
trading partners in key geographic regions including Jordan,
Singapore, Chile, Australia, Morocco, Bahrain and with 5 countries in
Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and
Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic in the Carribbean (CAFTA-DR).
The United States Trade Representative is currently negotiating a
free trade agreement with the Customs Union of Southern Africa
(Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland).
Recent free trade agreements have required signatories to adopt a
range of “TRIPS-plus” and “WIPO-Plus” intellectual property
obligations. For instance, each of the agreements has required:
* An extension of the term of copyright protection to 70 years after
the life of the author (beyond the 50 year term in the WIPO Internet
Treaties and TRIPs), to harmonize with U.S. law;
* Laws prohibiting the circumvention of Technological Protection
Measures that mirror those in the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act;
* Provisions regulating copyright liability for Internet Service
Providers that are modeled on those in the U.S. Digital Millennium
Copyright Act;
* Provisions providing that temporary reproductions of copyright
work, (including transient copies in computer memory) infringe
copyright; and
* Criminal penalties for copyright infringement even if it is done
without a commercial purpose or for private financial gain.
LINKS TO RESOURCES
WIPO:
* Sisule Musungu and Graham Dutfield, “Multilateral Agreements and a
TRIPs-plus world: The World Intellectual Property Organization”,
Published by Quaker United Nations Office and Quaker International
Affairs Programme at: http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/WIPO(A4)
final0304.pdf
* UK Commission on Intellectual Property Report “Integrating
Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy”: http://
www.eff.org/IP/WIPO/dev_agenda/EFF_WIPO_briefing_041205.pdf
* WIPO Copyright Treaty: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/
trtdocs_wo033.html
* WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; http://www.wipo.int/
treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html
WIPO Broadcasting Treaty:
* Proposed Broadcasting Treaty (English): http://www.wipo.int/edocs/
mdocs/sccr/en/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc
* WIPO Working paper on webcasting (English): http://www.wipo.int/
shared/images/icon/pdf.gif
* Proposed Broadcasting Treaty (French): http://www.wipo.int/edocs/
mdocs/sccr/fr/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc
* WIPO Working paper on webcasting (French): http://www.wipo.int/
shared/images/icon/pdf.gif
* Media coverage of November 2004 SCCR meeting: http://www.ip-
watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=10&res=1024_ff&print=0
* Notes of the November 2004 SCCR meeting: http://www.eff.org/
deeplinks/archives/002130.php
* EFF Briefing Paper on Technological Protection Measure provisions
in the proposed Broadcasting Treaty, for WIPO Development Agenda
meetings http://www.eff.org/IP/WIPO/dev_agenda/
EFF_WIPO_briefing_041205.pdf
Free Trade Agreement resources:
* David Vivas-Eugui, Regional and bilateral agreements and a TRIPS-
plus world: the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). By David
Vivas-Eugui, (2003) published by ICTSD, QUNO and QIAP, TRIPS Issues
Papers 1: http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/FTAA%20(A4).pdf
* EFF Report, Unintended Consequences: Five Years Under the DMCA:
http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/unintended_consequences.php
* Technological Protection Measures in the Draft FTAA - Issue Paper
prepared for Americas Trade and Sustainable Development Forum, Civil
Society Pre Ministerial FTAA Forum, Miami. November 18, 2003 http://
www.eff.org/IP/FTAA/?f=tpm_issuepaper.html
* South Centre and Center for International Environmental Law IP
Quarterly Update, First Quarter 2005, analyzing impact of IP
provisions in bilateral free trade agreements on access to
knowledge: http://www.southcentre.org/info/sccielipquarterly/
ipdev2005q1.pdf>
* Memorandum on US- SACU free trade agreement prepared by Access to
Learning Materials in Southern Africa project and EFF: http://
ibt.afrihost.com/accessof/files/us-sacu-fta.doc
* EFF Briefing Paper: Internet Service Provider Safe Harbors and
Expedited Subpoena process in the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright
Act and recent bilateral Free Trade Agreements: http://www.eff.org/IP/
FTAA/ISP_june05.pdf
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\listoverridecount0\ls11}{\listoverride\listid815299188\listoverridecount0\ls12}}{\info{\title AFRICA AND IPR E-DEBATE}{\author Gwen Hinze}{\operator bridges org}{\creatim\yr2005\mo7\dy28\hr16\min29}{\revtim\yr2005\mo7\dy28\hr16\min31}
{\printim\yr2005\mo7\dy28\hr16\min17}{\version3}{\edmins1}{\nofpages5}{\nofwords1814}{\nofchars10345}{\*\company Electronic Frontier Foundation}{\nofcharsws12704}{\vern16553}}
\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow0\dgvshow0
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale125\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule \fet0\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang
{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9
\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {\b AFRICA AND IPR E-DEBATE
\par INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ISSUES BACKGROUND PAPER
\par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par
\par Gwen Hinze (EFF)
\par 27 July 2005
\par
\par }{\b International Copyright Framework and WIPO (OMPI)
\par }{
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1
For the last 120 years or so, international intellectual property has been regulated by a series of international treaties, that countries could choose to sign on to or not. For copyright, the most significant of these are t
he Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886), and the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (1961).
\par
\par The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the United Nations\rquote
agency that is responsible for drafting and administering these international intellectual property treaties. WIPO has 182 Member States and administers 23 international treaties covering all forms of IP \endash copyright, patent, trademark
, and newer rights like geographical indications and traditional knowledge. WIPO has a set of Standing Committees (on copyright and related rights, patent, and trademark and industrial property) and the Intergovernmental Committee on Traditional Knowledge
,
where substantive work on creating new treaties takes place. For instance, the WIPO Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights is currently considering a controversial proposed new treaty to protect broadcasts, cable transmissions and webcasts fo
r a period of 50 years. (See links below for more information).
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s2\keepn\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {The WIPO Internet Treaties
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {\cf1
\par }\pard\plain \s17\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \cf1\lang1033\cgrid {Information communication technologies (ICTs) are regulated mostly by two 1996 WIPO Treaties
\endash the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonog
rams Treaties (WPPT). Many African countries are parties to these treaties. These treaties require compliance with the previous Berne and Rome Conventions, and give copyright owners the additional right to control the making available of their works to th
e public, for a period of 50 years:
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {\cf1
\par Rightsholders sought these new treaties to deal with special challenges posed by the Internet. While the new ICTs made more copyrighted works and information available to more people, thus offering unprecedented educatio
nal possibilities, they could also be used to facilitate reproduction and copyright infringement on a massive scale. U.S. motion picture rightsholders were particularly concerned that Internet users could make perfect digital copies of their works, and
distribute them across the world almost instantaneously. They began to investigate technological measures to control access to, and use of, their works, and sought an international law to ban circumvention of those technological measures.
\par
\par This resulted in the Technological Protection Measure provisions in Article 11 of the WCT, and Article 18 of the WPPT, which require signatories to \ldblquote
provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures\rdblquote
used by rightsholders to protect their copyright and related rights, and prohibit acts not authorized by rightsholders or permitted by law.
\par
\par This obligation needs to be read against Article 10 of the WCT and Article 16 of the WPPT, which permit signatories to create new copyright exceptions and limitations that meet the so-called \ldblquote Three Step Test\rdblquote
, that was in the Berne Convention (for the reproduction right), and in Article 13 of TRIPs (for all rights). The ability to create new exceptions and limitati
ons that meet this test is key to the international IP framework. It is this that allows nation states to preserve the traditional balance embodied in copyright law, between the private rights of creators and authors, and the public\rquote
s right to access copyrighted works.
\par
\par The Agreed Statement on Article 10 of the WCT confirms that this was the intention:
\par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\cf1 \ldblquote }{\i\f0\cf1 It is understood that the provisions of Article 10 permit Contracting Parties to carry forward and appropriately extend into the digital environment limita
tions and exceptions in their national laws which have been considered acceptable under the Berne Convention. Similarly, these provisions should be understood to permit Contracting Parties to devise new exceptions and limitations that are appropriate in t
he digital network environment.\rdblquote
\par }\pard \nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {Technological Protection Measures (TPMs)
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {\cf1
\par Legal protection for rightsholders\rquote technological protec
tion measures has become controversial because it can override existing national copyright law exceptions and limitations, and impair the ability to create new exceptions to meet domestic needs.
\par
\par In 1998 the U.S. Congress enacted the Digital Millennium Cop
yright Act (DMCA) to implement the WIPO Copyright Treaty obligations. The DMCA was controversial at the time it was enacted, and remains so today because it goes beyond the WIPO treaty requirements. It bans the act of circumventing a technological protect
i
on measure that controls access to a copyrighted work, even if the use of the work would not be copyright infringement, such as breaking the digital lock on an electronic book that you have purchased. It also bans tools and technologies (such as software
) that could be used for circumvention.
\par
\par In the U.S., these provisions have effectively overridden all existing exceptions in U.S. copyright law. For instance, U.S. copyright law has an exception that allows non-profit organizations to make Braille translat
ions of books for the Blind. Since 1998, it is no longer possible to do so for technologically-protected electronic books. The U.S. provisions have proven to be overbroad, and have had unintended consequences for a wide array of legitimate non-copyright-i
n
fringing activities. For instance, they have threatened scientific research and publication and have been used by corporations to block business competitors and free and open source software developers from creating products that can interoperate with the
ir copyrighted works.
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s3\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f4\lang1033\cgrid {The Impact of TRIPs
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {\b0
In 1994, WIPO ceased to be the exclusive international body regulating intellectual property. Intellectual property protection became part of the global trade framework under the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property (TRIPs), which was negotiated at the Uruguay round of trade negotiations that established the World Trade Organization (WTO).
\par
\par TRIPs requires WTO parties to adopt certain minimum intellectual property standards. When TRIPS came into force in 1995, for the first time, a country\rquote
s compliance with a particular standardized set of intellectual property laws became a matter subject to regulation and sanction by international trade authorities. TRIPS also includes some important flexibi
lities that allow countries to implement intellectual property laws in ways that meet their national development priorities.
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s3\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f4\lang1033\cgrid {Creation of Intellectual Property norms through Free Trade Agreements
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {\b0 In recent years, new intellectual property norms have been
created through free trade agreements, and not through international treaties negotiated multilaterally at WIPO. The U.S. (and also the EU) has entered into bilateral and regional free trade agreements with its trading partners that require adoption of h
igher intellectual property standards than those in TRIPs, or which have eliminated some of the flexibilities contained in TRIPs. In this way, the U.S. has been able to obtain \ldblquote TRIPs-plus\rdblquote
standards of intellectual property protection for US rightsholders\rquote
works. International trade agreements have replaced both national laws and international intellectual property treaties as the most important way of setting norms in global intellectual property law.
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {
\par }\pard\plain \s16\nowidctlpar\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {\b0 Since 2002, the U.S. has entered into bilateral and
regional free trade agreements with detailed intellectual property provisions with trading partners in key geographic regions including Jordan, Singapore, Chile, Australia, Morocco, Bahrain and with 5 countries in Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic in the Carribbean (CAFTA-DR).
\par
\par The United States Trade Representative is currently negotiating a free trade agreement with the Customs Union of Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland).
\par
\par Recent free trade agreements have required signatories to adopt a range of \ldblquote TRIPS-plus\rdblquote and \ldblquote WIPO-Plus\rdblquote intellectual property obligations. For instance, each of the agreements has required:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \s16\fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\tx720\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\ls11\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\b0
An extension of the term of copyright protection to 70 years after the life of the author (beyond the 50 year term in the WIPO Internet Treaties and TRIPs), to harmonize with U.S. law;}{
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\b0 Laws prohibiting the circumvention of Technological Protection Measures that mirror those in the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act;}{
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\b0 Provisions regulating copyright liability for Internet Service Providers that are modeled on those in the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act;}{
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\b0 Provisions providing that temporary reproductions of copyright work, (including transient copies in computer memory) infringe copyright; and}{
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\b0 Criminal penalties for copyright infringement even if it is done without a commercial purpose or for private financial gain.}{
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {
\par
\par }{\b LINKS TO RESOURCES:
\par }{
\par WIPO:
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f0 Sisule Musungu and Graham Dutfield, \ldblquote
Multilateral Agreements and a TRIPs-plus world: The World Intellectual Property Organization\rdblquote , Published by Quaker United Nations Office and Quaker International Affairs Programme at:\line }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f0
HYPERLINK "http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/WIPO(A4)final0304.pdf" }{\f0 {\*\datafield
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2e007000640066000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00670065006e006500760061002e00710075006e006f002e0069006e0066006f002f007000640066002f005700490050004f002800410034002900660069006e0061006c0030003300300034
002e00700064006600000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs15\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/WIPO(A4)final0304.pdf}}}{\f0
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}UK Commission on Intellectual Property Report \ldblquote Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\rdblquote :\line }{\f0\cf1
http://www.eff.org/IP/WIPO/dev_agenda/EFF_WIPO_briefing_041205.pdf}{
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\f0 WIPO Copyright Treaty:\line }{\f0\cf1 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html}{\f0
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty;\line }{\f0\cf1 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html}{\f0
\par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0
\par }{
\par WIPO Broadcasting Treaty:
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\tx-3060\jclisttab\tx720\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\cf1
Proposed Broadcasting Treaty (English): }{\field{\*\fldinst {\f0\cf1 HYPERLINK "http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sccr/en/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc"; }{\f0\cf1 {\*\datafield
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6300630072005f00310032005f0032005f007200650076005f0032002e0064006f0063000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007700690070006f002e0069006e0074002f00650064006f00630073002f006d0064006f00630073002f007300630063
0072002f0065006e002f0073006300630072005f00310032002f0073006300630072005f00310032005f0032005f007200650076005f0032002e0064006f006300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs15\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sccr/en/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc}}}{\f0\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}WIPO Working paper on webcasting (English):\line http://www.wipo.int/shared/images/icon/pdf.gif
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\cf1 Proposed Broadcasting Treaty (French): }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f0\cf1 HYPERLINK "http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sccr/fr/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc"; }{\f0\cf1 {\*\datafield
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6300630072005f00310032005f0032005f007200650076005f0032002e0064006f0063000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007700690070006f002e0069006e0074002f00650064006f00630073002f006d0064006f00630073002f007300630063
0072002f00660072002f0073006300630072005f00310032002f0073006300630072005f00310032005f0032005f007200650076005f0032002e0064006f006300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs15\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sccr/fr/sccr_12/sccr_12_2_rev_2.doc}}}{\f0\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}WIPO Working paper on webcasting (French):\line }{\f0\fs26\cf1 http://www.wipo.int/shared/images/icon/pdf.gif}{\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}Media coverage of November 2004 SCCR meeting:\line }{\f0\cf1 http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/index.php?p=10&res=1024_ff&print=0}{\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\widctlpar\tx-3060\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\cf1 Notes of the November 2004 SCCR meeting: }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}EFF Briefing Paper on Technological Protection Measure provisions in the proposed Broadcasting Treaty, for WIPO Development Agenda meetings\line }{\f0\cf1
http://www.eff.org/IP/WIPO/dev_agenda/EFF_WIPO_briefing_041205.pdf}{\f0 \line }{\f0\cf1
\par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\cf1
\par
\par }\pard\plain \s16\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\cf1\lang1033\cgrid {\b0 Free Trade Agreement resources:
\par }\pard\plain \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f4\lang1033\cgrid {\f0\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\widctlpar\tx-2610\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f0\cf1 David Vivas-Eugui, }{\i\f0\cf1
Regional and bilateral agreements and a TRIPS-plus world: the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).}{\f0\cf1 By David Vivas-Eugui, (2003) published by ICTSD, QUNO and QIAP, TRIPS Issues Papers 1:\line }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\f0\cf1
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\cs15\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.geneva.quno.info/pdf/FTAA%20(A4).pdf}}}{\f0\cf1
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82\cf1 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}EFF Report, }{\i\f0\cf1 Unintended Consequences: Five Years Under the DMCA:\line }{\f0\fs26\cf1 http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/unintended_consequences.php}{\f0
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\i HYPERLINK "http://www.eff.org/IP/FTAA/?f=tpm_issuepaper.html"}{\i {\*\datafield
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7000650072002e00680074006d006c00000000}}}{\fldrslt {\i Technological Protection Measures in the Draft FTAA}}}{ - Issue Paper prepared for Americas Trade and Sustainable Development Forum, Civil Society Pre-Ministerial FTAA Forum, Miami. }{\i
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}{\fldrslt {\cs15\f0\ul\cf2 http://www.eff.org/IP/FTAA/?f=tpm_issuepaper.html}}}{\f0
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\nowidctlpar\tx-2610\tqr\tx93\tx280\jclisttab\tx720\faauto\ls12\rin0\lin720\itap0 {South Centre and Center for International Environmental Law }{\i IP Quarterly Update}{
, First Quarter 2005, analyzing impact of IP provisions in bilateral free trade agreements on access to knowledge: }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {HYPERLINK "http://www.southcentre.org/info/sccielipquarterly/ipdev2005q1.pdf"}{{\*\datafield
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\widctlpar\tx-2610\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls12\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f0
Memorandum on US- SACU free trade agreement prepared by Access to Learning Materials in Southern Africa project and EFF:\line http://ibt.afrihost.com/accessof/files/us-sacu-fta.doc
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\f82 \hich\af82\dbch\af0\loch\f82 -\tab}}{EFF Briefing Paper: }{\i Internet Service Provider Safe Harbors and Expedited Subpoena process in the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and recent bilateral Free Trade Agreements}{:\line
http://www.eff.org/IP/FTAA/ISP_june05.pdf}{\b\f0
\par }}